Welcome to our dental health blog, where we provide expert advice on keeping your teeth healthy and strong.

Introduction

Tooth decay is one of the most common dental problems worldwide. According to the Oral Health Foundation, nearly one in three adults in the UK have signs of tooth decay, with many cases going untreated. Left unchecked, tooth decay can lead to pain, infection, and even tooth loss. However, with the right care and habits, tooth decay is entirely preventable.

In this blog, we’ll explore what causes tooth decay, how it progresses, and most importantly, the steps you can take to prevent it and maintain good oral health.

What Is Tooth Decay?

Tooth decay, also known as dental caries or cavities, occurs when the hard surface (enamel) of the tooth is damaged by acids produced by bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria thrive on sugar and carbohydrates, producing acid that slowly erodes the enamel, leading to cavities.

If untreated, tooth decay can progress beyond the enamel to the deeper layers of the tooth, including the dentine and pulp, causing pain, infection, and potentially leading to tooth loss.

Stages of Tooth Decay

Understanding the stages of tooth decay can help you recognise when treatment is necessary.

1. Demineralisation

The first stage of tooth decay is demineralisation, where acids from plaque bacteria start to break down the minerals in your enamel. At this stage, you may notice white spots on your teeth, indicating weakened areas.

2. Enamel Decay

As the acid continues to erode the enamel, it creates a cavity, or hole, in the tooth. At this stage, the damage is still confined to the enamel and may not cause pain.

3. Dentine Decay

If the decay progresses, it reaches the dentine—the softer layer beneath the enamel. Dentine contains small nerve endings, so you may start to feel pain or sensitivity, particularly when eating hot, cold, or sweet foods.

4. Pulp Damage

If the decay is left untreated, it can reach the pulp, the innermost part of the tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves. This can cause significant pain and may lead to an abscess (a pocket of pus) at the root of the tooth.

5. Abscess Formation

An untreated infection in the pulp can spread to the surrounding bone, causing a painful abscess. At this stage, root canal treatment or tooth extraction may be required to address the infection and save the tooth.

Common Causes of Tooth Decay

Several factors contribute to the development of tooth decay, with diet and oral hygiene being the most significant:

1. Poor Oral Hygiene

Failing to brush and floss regularly allows plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to build up on your teeth. When plaque isn’t removed, it hardens into tartar, which is more difficult to clean and can lead to cavities and gum disease.

2. High Sugar and Carbohydrate Diet

The bacteria in your mouth feed on sugars and carbohydrates, producing acids that attack the enamel. Foods and drinks high in sugar, such as sweets, fizzy drinks, and even fruit juices, increase your risk of tooth decay.

3. Dry Mouth

Saliva plays a critical role in washing away food particles and neutralising acids. A dry mouth (xerostomia) can increase your risk of decay because there’s less saliva to protect your teeth. Dry mouth can be caused by certain medications, dehydration, or medical conditions.

4. Infrequent Dental Visits

Regular dental check-ups allow your dentist to detect early signs of decay and provide preventive treatments, such as fluoride applications or sealants, before cavities form. Skipping dental appointments means decay can progress unnoticed.

How to Prevent Tooth Decay

Tooth decay is preventable with proper oral care and healthy habits. Here are some key strategies to help keep your teeth strong and healthy:

1. Brush Twice Daily

Brushing your teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste is essential for removing plaque and preventing tooth decay. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and brush for at least two minutes, ensuring you clean all surfaces of your teeth.

• Technique: Hold your toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to your gums and use gentle, circular motions to clean each tooth.

2. Floss Daily

Flossing removes plaque and food particles from between your teeth and along the gumline, where your toothbrush can’t reach. Daily flossing helps prevent cavities from forming in these hard-to-reach areas.

• Tip: If traditional floss is difficult to use, try interdental brushes or a water flosser for effective cleaning between your teeth.

3. Use Fluoride

Fluoride helps strengthen tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acid attacks. Fluoride is found in most toothpastes, and many local water supplies are fluoridated to help protect your teeth.

• Fluoride Rinse: Your dentist may recommend a fluoride mouthwash or gel for extra protection, especially if you’re at higher risk of decay.

4. Limit Sugary Foods and Drinks

Reducing your intake of sugary foods and drinks is one of the most effective ways to prevent tooth decay. When you do indulge, it’s better to have sugary foods with a meal rather than snacking throughout the day, as this limits the time your teeth are exposed to acid attacks.

• Drink Water: After consuming sugary foods or drinks, rinse your mouth with water to help wash away sugar and neutralise acids.

5. Eat a Balanced Diet

A healthy diet supports strong teeth and gums. Include foods rich in calcium (such as milk, cheese, and leafy greens) and vitamin D (from sunlight or fortified foods) to maintain strong enamel.

• Crunchy Fruits and Vegetables: Foods like apples, carrots, and celery stimulate saliva production and help clean your teeth as you eat.

6. Visit Your Dentist Regularly

The NHS recommends seeing your dentist for a check-up at least every six months. Regular dental visits allow your dentist to detect early signs of decay and provide professional cleanings to remove plaque and tartar build-up.

• Preventive Treatments: Your dentist may apply dental sealants to protect the chewing surfaces of your back teeth or recommend fluoride treatments to strengthen your enamel.

Treating Tooth Decay

If tooth decay is detected early, it can often be treated with a simple filling. However, if the decay has progressed, more advanced treatments may be necessary:

• Fillings: Used to repair small to moderate cavities. The decayed portion of the tooth is removed and replaced with a tooth-coloured material.
• Root Canal Treatment: If the decay reaches the pulp, root canal therapy may be needed to remove the infected tissue and save the tooth.
• Crowns: For more extensive decay, a crown (a cap placed over the tooth) may be needed to restore its function and appearance.
• Tooth Extraction: In severe cases where the tooth is beyond repair, it may need to be extracted to prevent further infection.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Can tooth decay be reversed?

A: In the early stage of demineralisation, tooth decay can sometimes be reversed with fluoride treatments and improved oral hygiene. However, once a cavity forms, professional treatment is required.

Q2: How can I tell if I have tooth decay?

A: Early signs of tooth decay include tooth sensitivity, pain when eating or drinking, visible holes or pits in the teeth, and discolouration. If you notice any of these symptoms, visit your dentist as soon as possible.

Q3: Is tooth decay contagious?

A: Tooth decay is not contagious, but the bacteria that cause decay can be transmitted through saliva, such as when sharing utensils or kissing.

Conclusion

Tooth decay is a preventable condition, and with the right oral hygiene habits and regular dental visits, you can protect your teeth and avoid the need for more invasive treatments. By brushing, flossing, eating a balanced diet, and limiting sugary foods, you can keep your smile healthy for years to come.

Next Steps

If you suspect you have tooth decay or are due for a dental check-up, schedule an appointment with your dentist. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing further damage and keeping your teeth healthy.